The Shroud of Turin
There are various opinions and researches of the shroud of Turin. Some people say that it is the genuine and some that it is the fake and the hoax. The fact is that the shroud of Turin doesn't present Jesus of the Bible. If we can find even one evidence, which disprove the shroud of Turin theory, so the whole story shall be invalidated. We can find a large number of evidence from the Bible, which show that the shroud of Turin cannot be the shroud of the Lord Jesus.
Burial, the washing and anointing the body
Romans crucified the Lord Jesus on the day of the preparation of passover. The bodies must take down from the cross before the Sabbath. It was the Sabbath of passover called the Great Sabbath (Hebrew; Shabbat HaGadol). The Lord Jesus died about three hours before beginning of the passover Sabbath. The bodies taken away from the cross and must be washed, anointed with spices and wrap up in the linen clothes and a napkin. They had time three hours to get out of burial preparation and bury the Lord Jesus. The Bible says that they buried the Lord Jesus as the manner of the Jews is to bury. The testimony of the Bible says that they make burying on time. The claims which say that the case of Jesus was the exception and they didn't wash and anointed Him with spices are false. Because the Bible clearly says that they buried the Lord Jesus according to manners of the Jews.
According to the Jewish burial manner body washed clean from the blood. When the death comes the bleeding of the blood ends and begins coagulating of the blood. There were time three hours drying and coagulating of the blood. They also washed the body of the Lord Jesus from the blood. They put the clean body of Jesus to linen clothes and a napkin. There was no blood in the linen clothes and a napkin of the Lord Jesus. The story of the shroud of Turin tells that in the shroud was the blood. The shroud of Turin story is the fake and the hoax, because there was not blood in burial clothes of the Lord Jesus.
According to the Jewish burial manner, the body washed and anointed with spices. Then the body wrapped up in linen clothes from feet to neck. Spices rubbed to linen clothes. Spices like myrrh and aloe purpose was also glue linen clothes tightly around the body. The napkin used to wrap up the head.
The Bible says that Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pound weight, in which the body of Jesus and burial clothes anointed. Pound is in the Greek litra (about 320-340 kilogram), and it was Roman unit of weight. The weight of a mixture of myrrh and aloes were 32 kilos. Amount of hundred pound weight mixture of myrrh and aloes was enough to use two hundred dead bodies. Very important detail is that hundred pound weight myrrh and aloes mixture hardens burial clothes as hard-rock.
Why did the disciples bring so much myrrh and aloes? It was an act of great honor. I believe also that God sees things beforehand and the large amounts of myrrh and aloes ruined the burial clothes unusable that no one could make them as the religious relic.
Some defenders of the shroud of Turin say that burial clothes didn't harden, because when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint Jesus. The intention of women was not to open the burial clothes and anoint Jesus, but they wanted anoint the burial clothes. The washing and anointing of the body had occurred right after the death. To the Jews it was not permissible to touch the dead one after the burial ceremony. The women could not break against the law.
John 19: 40 Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury.
According to the testimony of the Bible, the Lord Jesus buried as the manner of the Jews is to bury their dead ones. The body of the Lord Jesus washed from the blood. The shroud of Turin contains blood. The shroud of Turin is the deception, the fake and the hoax.
According to the burial ceremony of the Jews, the body placed to burial clothes and the hands folded across the chest. The shroud of Turin's image shows a figure which covers his genitals. Also this detail exposes that the shroud of Turin is the fake.
Radiation and the image
People who believe that the shroud of Turin presents Jesus of the Bible. They say that inside of Jesus' body has come powerful radiation, which have done the image of Jesus to the shroud. This theory also falls down before the testimony of the Bible.
When the apostle Peter saw the linen clothes and the napkin, so he would see the image of Jesus if in the burial clothes would be His image. The Bible doesn't tell that he saw image of Jesus in the burial clothes. One claim says that Peter couldn't see the image because the napkin wrapped together in the tomb. Peter saw also linen clothes, which wasn't wrapped up. Peter didn't see any image in the linen clothes. If in the linen clothes would be the image of Jesus and if God would leave this kind of evidence, so the Bible would have to tell it, because it would be one detail of the resurrection of Jesus. However, because the Bible doesn't tell it, so it means that there has not occurred radiation and the shroud of Turin doesn't present Jesus of the Bible. God has forbidden in His word that His nation cannot make the image of God. Therefore, He wouldn't radiate the image of the Son of God, the Lord Jesus the Messiah to His burial clothes.
When is into question the works of God, occurrence of the crucifixion, occurrences of the tomb and the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, so the best and most perfect and only reliable source is the Bible (the word of God). From the Bible, we can find all essential information relating to preceding occurrences. If God would make the image of Jesus to His burial clothes, so it would be one of the evidence of His resurrection, and it should be written to the Bible. However, the Bible doesn't tell anything about the image of Jesus in linen clothes, it means that God has not made such an image. We must pay attention that the Bible tells ocurrences of the crucifixion, in the tomb and the resurrection the most important information. If God would make the image of Jesus to His burial clothes, so it would the matter of take into consideration. However, because the Bible doesn't tell anything about the image in the shroud, it means that God has not made such an image.
These very clear proofs cancel every claim about the image of Jesus in the shroud. The word of God exposes and cancels all lies and forgeries. The image in the shroud of Turin doesn't present Jesus of the Bible.
Some defenders of radiation theory say that the image didn't form immediately to the fabric, but formed later and for this reason Peter couldn't see it. This theory also falls down, because the Jews didn't take and preserve burial clothes of the dead ones. It would be offensive act, scandal and stumbling block to the Jews if they would be showing burial clothes among the Jews. We must also remember that the Bible says that the gospel of the Lord Jesus for the salvation must preach the Jews first. The Jews wouldn't allow that disciples would show burial clothes, because burial clothes belonged to the tomb. It would be dishonoring and breaking the peace of the tomb.
The disciples whom went to the tomb didn't touch the burial clothes and didn't take clothes with them. The burial clothes belonged to the tomb, and no one couldn't show them, because they had been in contact with the dead body. The Jews didn't have permission to touch the dead ones and take the burial clothes. The story of the shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
Truly, the Lord Jesus rise up and didn't die. However, many Jews, including religious leaders didn't believe it, and they wouldn't allow that disciples would show burial clothes that had been wrapped up in the body of Jesus.
Nakedness
The word of God teaches that nakedness is shameful, because exposing of nakedness is shameful. According to radiation theory God would "scanned, photograped" the naked body of Jesus from the front and backside. God couldn't break His word and bring forth nakedness of Jesus that the whole world would see it.
According to the word of God public showing of nakedness is shameful. Claim of the shroud of Turin researchers that God scanned Jesus' naked body in the front, and backside is the mockery of God and mocking against His works. The Holy God couldn't leave as the testimony of the resurrection the naked image of the Lord Jesus, which would have to show to the whole world. God has given command that His nation cannot make the image of God. God couldn't break His own command by making naked image of the Lord Jesus to His burial clothes. These researchers are mocking God with these foolish and non-biblical claims. The fact is that story of the shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
Some defenders of the shroud of Turin say that Jesus was naked on the cross. We must understand and know that Romans crucified convicted according to their own custom. God didn't crucify the Lord Jesus as naked on the cross, but Romans. God couldn't make Jesus' naked image to His burial clothes for two reasons. God gave the command where He forbade making of the image of God. He couldn't break His holy Command. God couldn't make Jesus' naked image, because He says in His word that showing of nakedness is a shameful act.
The shroud of Turin in the history
The history of the shroud of Turin is obscure. Some sources say that shroud has no historical record until 16th century. Some sources say that shroud can be tracked to 14th century, and some say to 15th century. Difficulty to precise date of the shroud caused by the existence of similarly impressed figure of Jesus to various shrouds. History records that Geoffroy de Charny possessed the shroud in town of Lirey, France around the years 1353 to 1357. In the time of Medieval occultists secret societies have many false legends. One legend says that Mary Magdalene was Jesus' wife and mistress. This legend says that after Jesus' death Mary escaped to France. Legend says that Jesus was the father of Mary's child. The legend also says that in the holy Grail cup was the blood of Jesus. In France were era of Medieval many false legends from the Lord Jesus. The story of the shroud of Turin is in the same series as other false legends from the Lord Jesus.
The linen clothes and the napkin
The Bible says that the disciples buried Jesus according to the manner of the Jews. The manner was that the dead one wrapped to burial clothes from feet to neck and to his head wrapped the napkin. The manner was that used different garments; the body from feet to neck with linen clothes and the head with the napkin.
John 19: 40 Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury.
John 20:
6 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,
7 And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.
6 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,
7 And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.
The image of the shroud of Turin is wrapped to one large piece of the shroud. This exposes to us that the image is not the image of the Lord Jesus. The testimony of the Bible is that the body of Jesus from feet to neck wrapped to linen clothes and the head wrapped to the napkin. The shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
According to teaching of the Bible and Biblical Judaism in the time of Jesus the Jews didn't wrap dead people to one large piece of the shroud. The Jews wrapped dead one's bodies to linen clothes and the head with the napkin. According to the testimony of the Bible, the Jews didn't wrap Jesus with one large shroud. The story of the shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
Moreover, in the case of Lazarus we can see that the Jews wrapped the dead ones with separate burial clothes, and the head wrapped with the napkin.
John 11:44 And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go.
The bloody shroud
Defenders of the shroud of Turin say that in the shroud is the blood. After coming of the death the blood circulation ends and begins coagulating. The Jews washed the bodies, so the possibility that the shroud contains the blood is nonexistent and unlikely.
The Sudarium of Oviedo (shroud of Oviedo). There has been claimed that with shroud of Oviedo dried the blood in the face of Jesus. The story says that shroud of Oviedo used immediately when Jesus had been taken down from the cross. They say that shroud pleaded and for this reason the image did not correspond with the shroud of Turin.
Cleaning the blood from the face with linen doesn't make the image of the face, but blood stains. The story of Oviedo's shroud is the fake and the hoax. Behind the story is Roman Catholic Church, which is well-known for the legends, holy relics and non-biblical doctrines.
The veil of Manopello (the veil of Veronica). The story tells that the veil of Manopello was the napkin mentioned in John 20:7. However, this veil is also the holy relic of Roman Catholic Church. The story of the veil of Manopello is the legend and not true.
I bring more evidence of the Bible that the shroud of the Turin doesn't present Jesus of the Bible.
Do not make the image of God
Ex 20:4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:
Deut 4:23 Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.
Deut 5:8 Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:
God forbids making of the image of God and the image of idols. This commandment is remarkable, because it appears in the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments was in the power before giving of the law to Moses in mount Sinai.
Gen 26:4 And I will make thy seed to multiply as the stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed all these countries; and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed;
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments(Mitsvah), my statutes, and my laws (Torah).
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments(Mitsvah), my statutes, and my laws (Torah).
Abraham obeyed God with the same law many hundreds years before Moses. Hebrew word Torahmeans teaching, instruction and law. Hebrew word Mitsvah means commandments. Abraham and Moses believed in God by the same law (the Ten Commandments).
Ex 24:12 ¶ And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law (Torah), and commandments (Mitsvah) which I have written; that thou mayest teach them.
The Ten Commandments are in the power also in the era of the New Covenant:
Jer 31:31 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:
32 Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:
33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law (Torah) in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
32 Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:
33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law (Torah) in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
2 Cor 3: 6 ¶ Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament (covenant); not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.
God has forbidden making of the image of the God and idols, so God couldn't make the image of the Lord Jesus to Jesus' burial clothes. This is clear proof that the shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
Defenders of the shroud of Turin say that Christian and church tradition has always made the holy images relating to Jesus and even Father God. The tradition of Roman Catholic Church approves the holy images, relics and many other non-biblical doctrines. The Roman Catholic Church is not the Church of God, but the harlot. The real disciples of Jesus don't make the image of God or Jesus, because the Bible forbids it. The Jews have not permission to make the image of God in the era of the old covenant. Same Jesus' disciples have not permission to mke the image of God in the era of the New Covenant. God Himself doesn't make the image of Jesus to His burial clothes, because God has forbidden making of the image of God.
Jesus did not have long hair
The shroud of Turin describes a man with moustache, beard and long hair. The Bible teaches that Jewish men had to have short hair. Only women and nazarites could have long hair.
Hes 44:20 Neither shall they shave their heads, nor suffer their locks to grow long; they shall only poll their heads.
Ezekiel chapter 44 teaches that the old covenant priests had to have short hairs. The Lord Jesus is the High Priest of the New Covenant and according to an example of the old covenant Jesus had a short hair.
The Jewish men didn't have long hairs, and the Bible teaches that in the era of the New Covenant men must have short hair. We can see this from the letter of the apostle Paul.
1 Cor 11:
14 Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him?
15 But if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering.
14 Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him?
15 But if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering.
Gal 1:
11 But I certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached of me is not after man.
12 For I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ.
11 But I certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached of me is not after man.
12 For I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ.
The Lord Jesus Himself taught the apostle Paul. We must remember that Jesus was behind this teaching about short hairs of men and that long hairs are shame. The Lord Jesus was the Jewish man, and He surely had short hairs.
Defenders of the shroud of Turin say that Biblical short hairs mean hairs that reach to shoulders. This is not true. Bible time Jews had very short hairs.
The shroud of Turin shows to us a man and that his hairs reach very clearly over the shoulders. This also shows to us that the shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
For example, artist Guy Rowe has made paintings from the people of the Bible, and in these paintings the men look like Biblical and have very short hairs:
The Orthodox Jewish men honor the command to keep short hairs. The picture below points to us that how short hairs have the Jewish men who honor old covenant law and commands.
The image in the shroud of Turin has a long hair and this exposes that the image doesn't present Jesus of the Bible. The shroud of Turin is the fake and the hoax.
Defenders of the shroud of Turin say that apostle Paul was Roman and affected with rabbinic Jewish teachings, which were mixed with pagan customs to keep long hair. We must remember that the apostle Paul was, first of all, an Israelite, the seed of Abraham and the tribe of Benjamin. The Bible says that Paul counted all thing loss for the excellency of the knowledge of the Lord Jesus and all things he counted the dung that he wins the Messiah. The apostle Paul did not teach Roman customs, but the teaching of the Bible and the will of God. We should remember that the Lord Jesus had taught Paul and Jesus did not teach Roman customs, but the word and the will of God. The Lord Jesus taught that it is a shame if men have long hairs. This teaching also cancels the story of the shroud of Turin and shows to us that it is the fake and the deception.
Jewish men must obey the law of God, not Roman customs, which are pagan customs or rabbinic teachings if they are conflict with the word of God. It is a very absurd claim that Paul taught Roman customs to the Churches of God. People who don't want to believe the word of God, so they twist the teaching of the Bible with their absurd claims.
The Lord Jesus was not the Nazarite
Some defenders of the shroud of Turin say that Jesus was a Nazarite and have long hairs. Nazarites have long hairs. When we examine in the Bible the law of Nazarite and acts of the Lord Jesus and His final moments onb the earth, so we see clearlt that the Lord Jesus was not the Nazarite.
Deut 6:
1 ¶ And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD:
3 He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried.
4 All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk.
5 All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow.
6 All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall come at no dead body.
7 He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head.
1 ¶ And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD:
3 He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried.
4 All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk.
5 All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow.
6 All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall come at no dead body.
7 He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head.
When we examine acts of the Lord Jesus, so we see that He raised the dead ones. The Bible teaches that a Nazarite did not come even near the dead ones. This proofs that the Lord Jesus was not the Nazarite.
A Nazarite did not have to permission drink wine, strong drink (alcohol), vinegar of wine, vinegar of strong drink, liquor of grapes, and he did not have permission to eat moist or dried grapes. The Bible says that the Lord Jesus used wine with food together with His disciples. This proofs that the Lord Jesus was not the Nazarite.
Matt 26:29 But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father’s kingdom.
The Lord Jesus drank vine before He went to mount of Olives,where Judas betrayed Him. This proofs that the Lord Jesus was not the Nazarite.
Matt 27:34 They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink.
When the Lord Jesus hung on the cross, He tasted vinegar mingled with gall. A Nazirite did not have permission to drink any wines or alcohol drinks. When the Lord Jesus tasted vinegar mingled with gall on the cross it is powerful evidence that He was not the Nazarite and He did not die as the Nazarite.
Roman Catholic Church and the shroud
The shroud of Turin is a very important religious relic to Roman Catholic Church, and they believe that in the shroud is the image of Jesus. The history of the Bible and the testimony of the Bible has been written to the Bible. The word of God is as the testimony from the Lord Jesus and the Holy Spirit shows this to the heart of the people. The Bible doesn't teach anything about "holy relics", but that we should serve God in the Holy Spirit and in the truth. Believing in the Lord Jesus should base on the truth of the word of God not tradition of men or "holy relics".
Roman Catholic Church belief is mysticism, which is full of tradition of men and non-biblical doctrines. The shroud of Turin represents in Catholicism "holy relic", which confirms their belief. Religion and religious people need some "holy relic" to strengthen their belief. Around the stories of "holy relic" they invent a legend and fairy-tale conforming to the beliefs which they believe. Carnal and religious people need "holy relics" some objects what they can see and touch.
Some believers who believe in Jesus and the shroud of Turin are usually such who don't attach their faith merely to the Bible, but also to the tradition of men. This kind of faith is as the mixture of right and wrong and righteousness and sin. This kind of people is usually such who need religious tradition beside the Bible. The real faith doesn't represent this kind of mixture non-biblical things, but pure and truthful word of God.
Disciples of the Lord Jesus should believe in God and not archeology, science and tradition of men, which are in conflict with the word of God. If archeology and science are in harmony with the word of God, so then it is alright. However, evidence of archeology sindonology, science and church traditions are false and not in harmony with the Bible. The testimony of the Bible shows us that the shroud of Turin is a fake.
Religious people get stuck in the false story of the shroud of Turin, and they hold it as the testimony of resurrection. The Bible gives the testimony of the resurrection. The Bible says that the Lord Jesus has died and resurrected, and he who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sins and have eternal life. God has left two important witnesses to us, the Bible and the Holy Spirit. The gospel of the Lord Jesus and the Holy Spirit is the key for salvation of the people. The Bible dosen't teach anything about "holy relic gosple".
The real salvation
The Bible says that the resurrection of the Lord Jesus is the testimony that He lives. The Lord Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to His disciples who preached the gospel of the Lord Jesus. The Lord Jesus did not send His disciples to show His burial clothes to the world, but preach the gospel by the power of the Holy Spirit. The gospel and the Holy Spirit cause people to believe in the Lord Jesus the Messiah.
Sources:
- 33/38 Finnish Bible
- King James Version (1611)
- Online Bible Hebrew and Greek Lexicon
- John Gill's Expositor
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin
- http://www.shroud.com/
- http://www.shroudstory.com/
- http://www.piercedhearts.org/treasures/shrines/shroud_oviedo.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo
- http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm
- http://www.shroudstory.com/faq-sudarium.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica
- http://www.voltosanto.it/Inglese/paginadx1.php?c=1
. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1607&letter=B
- http://www.preparingforeternity.com/sr/sr29.htm
- http://www.kotimaa24.fi/blogit/article/?bid=252&id=10652
- http://www.netikka.net/mpeltonen/liina.htm
- 33/38 Finnish Bible
- King James Version (1611)
- Online Bible Hebrew and Greek Lexicon
- John Gill's Expositor
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin
- http://www.shroud.com/
- http://www.shroudstory.com/
- http://www.piercedhearts.org/treasures/shrines/shroud_oviedo.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo
- http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm
- http://www.shroudstory.com/faq-sudarium.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica
- http://www.voltosanto.it/Inglese/paginadx1.php?c=1
. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1607&letter=B
- http://www.preparingforeternity.com/sr/sr29.htm
- http://www.kotimaa24.fi/blogit/article/?bid=252&id=10652
- http://www.netikka.net/mpeltonen/liina.htm
Petri Paavola from Finland
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